macbeths descent into evil Essay -- essays research papers

Macbeths Decent Into EvilThe character Macbeth in the story of Shakespeares Macbeth faces decisions that affect his morals. He begins as an innocent soul, dedicated to serve his region and its king, Duncan. As time passes and opportunities present themselves combined with the deception of the evil witches, Macbeth begins his descent into madness. Macbeths innocence and loyalty are completely corrupted due to his everyplace confidence, guilty conscience, and the inevitability of human nature. Macbeth looses sight of what is morall(a)y right to do in life because his logical choices are changed by these factors.Macbeth was capable of achieving his place as king that his path to greatness would not have occurred without his ability to be overconfident. This ability was responsible for his overall position as being guile to the possibility of failure. The witches assured him that he would be essentially invincible and that only in what seemed to be impossible situations, would his l ife be threatened. Macbeth explainsWith thy keen sword impregnate as make me bleedLet fall thy blade of vulnerable crestsI bear a charmed life, which must not yieldTo atomic number 53 of woman born (5.8. 13-16).Macbeth was so confident that the idea of someone not being born of a woman was impossible in itself and therefore he had nothing to fear. However, it was this overconfidence that the witches depended on. They wanted the overconfidence to prevent Macbeth from understanding the consequences of his actions, and to do so they overwhelmed him with securityHe shall spurn fate, scorn death, and bearHis hopesbove wisdom, grace, and fearAnd you all know securityIs mortals chiefest enemy (3.5.29-33).Another factor resulting in the inevitability of Macbeths evil was his Guilty conscience. Macbeth knows his actions are wrong a... ...lp of Lady Macbeth the deed is done. She is unmoral and changes Macbeths decision with intimidationI have given suck, and knowHow tendertis love the babe that milks meI would, while it was smiling in my face,Have clunkd my nipple from his boneless gums,And dashd the brains out, had I so swornAs you have done to this(1.7.59-64).Macbeths life is a sad story about how he was deceived and molded into an evil man. His evil, sparked by lady Macbeth, began with the murder of king Duncan. Macbeths heart couldnt handle the sin but Lady Macbeth forced him to change his mind. Macbeths evil was a result of his overconfidence, guilty conscience, and his human nature, all of which are traits that could be seen in any soulfulness in search of power.Work CitedShakespeare, William. Macbeth. , .

Social Blindness Essay -- Sociology

Blinded Total darkness can take over ones sight, leaving the individual barely capable of forming cognitive images, and experiencing the inevitable dependence on the words of others, thus wholeowing physical blindness to cripple even the most independent of individuals. The phenomenon of social blindness can describe one who leans non on their own understandings, still instead on the understandings of those surrounding them, which is a trend all too commonality in the modern world. In Selections from Losing phlegm Shepard intent and politics in the Aftermath of Anti-Gay Murder, transcribed by Beth Loffreda, mass media affected the spread of the truth behind an incident and blindly pebibyte the majority of the United States population to believe various aspects of the murder of Matt Shepard that were created by the media. The spread of unrestrained information about the murder was only achievable with the care of todays largest medium, the internet. In Is Google Making Us Stupid? author, Nicholas Carr explained how modern individuals no longer check the validity or exposition of a source, but Power Browse for the facts and important aspects of what they are reading. Whether the article is false or valid has little to no effect on the decision fashioning of reader, for all they look to obtain from the text is information right or wrong. Yet, with this more(prenominal) efficient and immediate form of information extraction, there is a plain prejudice of deep reading and the ability to See. In The Minds Eye What the Blind See the author, Oliver Sacks, gave a few accounts of individuals who were blind in the common kernel of the word that could See more than most individuals that had a fully functioning optic mechanism. Todays society conta... ...ess, a slow, almost grasping attention, a sensuous, intimate being at one with the world which sight, with its quick, flicking, facile quality, continually distracts us from, (Sacks 313). It has been sta ted that throughout ones life they deem a malleable brain that can adapt to multiple situations, which in this case blindness. At the onset of blindness, the brain begins to rewire itself by spreading into the areas of optical stimulant and the brain manipulates them to aide with the expansion of the other senses. The rewiring of the brain accounts for the blind being known as Whole-Body Seers, since the senses of their bodys have matured more than formula in the absence of visual stimulation. As Whole-Body Seers, the blind claim to be sensitive to inflections in the pitch of others voices that show signs of emotions not present to the middling eye. affectionate Blindness Essay -- Sociology Blinded Total darkness can take over ones sight, leaving the individual barely capable of forming cognitive images, and experiencing the inevitable dependency on the words of others, thus allowing physical blindness to cripple even the most independent of individuals. The ph enomenon of social blindness can describe one who leans not on their own understandings, but instead on the understandings of those surrounding them, which is a trend all too common in the modern world. In Selections from Losing Matt Shepard Life and politics in the Aftermath of Anti-Gay Murder, transcribed by Beth Loffreda, mass media affected the spread of the truth behind an incident and blindly lead the majority of the United States population to believe various aspects of the murder of Matt Shepard that were created by the media. The spread of unrestrained information about the murder was only possible with the assistance of todays largest medium, the internet. In Is Google Making Us Stupid? author, Nicholas Carr explained how modern individuals no longer check the validity or exposition of a source, but Power Browse for the facts and important aspects of what they are reading. Whether the article is false or valid has little to no effect on the decision making of reader, for all they look to obtain from the text is information right or wrong. Yet, with this more efficient and immediate form of information extraction, there is a tangible loss of deep reading and the ability to See. In The Minds Eye What the Blind See the author, Oliver Sacks, gave a few accounts of individuals who were blind in the common meaning of the word that could See more than most individuals that had a fully functioning optical mechanism. Todays society conta... ...ess, a slow, almost prehensile attention, a sensuous, intimate being at one with the world which sight, with its quick, flicking, facile quality, continually distracts us from, (Sacks 313). It has been stated that throughout ones life they maintain a malleable brain that can adapt to multiple situations, which in this case blindness. At the onset of blindness, the brain begins to rewire itself by spreading into the areas of optical stimulation and the brain manipulates them to aide with the expansion of the other se nses. The rewiring of the brain accounts for the blind being known as Whole-Body Seers, since the senses of their bodys have matured more than normal in the absence of visual stimulation. As Whole-Body Seers, the blind claim to be sensitive to inflections in the pitch of others voices that show signs of emotions not present to the ordinary eye.

Is It Wrong To Prevent People From Expressing Wrong Ideas? :: essays research papers

Is it wrong to hold on people from expressing wrong ideas?It is not wrong to prevent people from expressing their wrong ideas because everyone is entitled to their own opinions. license of speech is close tothing that we all are able to model dethawly in the United States. The right to ones own thoughts and their disposition is a perfect human right. If they choose to share them, they also declare the right to control the look in which they may be shared. In this way, intellectual property rights and free expression are inextricably linked. Perhaps the to the highest degree essential right is that of communication. Without the freedom to communicate, other rights deteriorate. The right to communicate however is also exercised by providing a forum for those who imbibe been denied a means to spill out on important issues. When told about the acts that occurred in Travers Hall, I was very upset that people would thrust the decency to deface school property and inflict some kind of hurt towards people. Although some people just look at this incident as nothing, it was intelligibly something. This is still an issue that needs to be communicate to the college students. The person(s) responsible for this act used it as a way to express themselves against the other pagan backgrounds that outlive on campus. Since the first day of school, we have been eer reminded of the topic of Diversity. When asked what the word diversity means, one can come up with many definitions. roughly that come to mind are means diametric ethnicity, race, nationality or culture. It can also be illustrated as people with different thoughts and ideas, social status or economic/education levels or different spectral backgrounds. Now with this in mind, why would people deface property with racial slurs and artwork? These people are absent-minded of the fact that there are many ethnic groups on campus. Everyone should be treated as equals, despite race, religion, sex, etc. Igno rance should not be tolerated. One way to try to prevent this from happening again would be to inform people of what has happened and the penalties that come with this offense. This should not and will not be tolerated. The people who were affected by all of this are afraid. These people should not have to fear for their lives when living here.Is It Wrong To Prevent People From Expressing Wrong Ideas? essays research papers Is it wrong to prevent people from expressing wrong ideas?It is not wrong to prevent people from expressing their wrong ideas because everyone is entitled to their own opinions. Freedom of speech is something that we all are able to exercise freely in the United States. The right to ones own thoughts and their disposition is a fundamental human right. If they choose to share them, they also have the right to control the way in which they may be shared. In this way, intellectual property rights and free expression are inextricably linked. Perhaps the most essen tial right is that of communication. Without the freedom to communicate, other rights deteriorate. The right to communicate however is also exercised by providing a forum for those who have been denied a means to speak out on important issues. When told about the acts that occurred in Travers Hall, I was very upset that people would have the decency to deface school property and inflict some kind of hurt towards people. Although some people just look at this incident as nothing, it was clearly something. This is still an issue that needs to be addressed to the college students. The person(s) responsible for this act used it as a way to express themselves against the other ethnic backgrounds that live on campus. Since the first day of school, we have been constantly reminded of the topic of Diversity. When asked what the word diversity means, one can come up with many definitions. Some that come to mind are means different ethnicity, race, nationality or culture. It can also be illus trated as people with different thoughts and ideas, social status or economic/education levels or different religious backgrounds. Now with this in mind, why would people deface property with racial slurs and artwork? These people are absent-minded of the fact that there are many ethnic groups on campus. Everyone should be treated as equals, despite race, religion, sex, etc. Ignorance should not be tolerated. One way to try to prevent this from happening again would be to inform people of what has happened and the penalties that come with this offense. This should not and will not be tolerated. The people who were affected by all of this are afraid. These people should not have to fear for their lives when living here.

The Role of American NGOs in the Regulation of Cruise Ship Pollution Es

The Role of American NGOs in the Regulation of Cruise Ship PollutionEach year, thousands of tons of befoulment are generated on canvas ships and dumped into the existences oceans. This pollution threatens the marine environment, the cruise ship industry, and the people who depend on a healthy ocean. Neither historic nor current international oceanic regimes provide comprehensive regulation on cruise ship pollution. To address the threats posed by limited oceanic pollution regulation in American and international waters, several American non judicatureal organizations have pursued diverse tactics to generate government, industry, and consumer response. To the extent that NGOs are able to make up ones mind indemnity, the actions of these groups challenges the realist notion that non-state actors have little influence on policy.A case study of three prominent American NGOs demonstrates how different strategies can be implement to influence oceanic policy. The Bluewater Netw ork, Oceana, and Conservation internationalist have tried to abate pollution from cruise ships by either lobbying the government for improved policies, generating public cognizance of the cruise ship pollution issue, or working with the cruise ship industry to implement stronger pollution controls. These actors have responded to the weakness in the oceanic policy regime. Although cruise ship pollution remains a major threat to national and international waters, American NGOs have been successful in generating increased consciousness of the issue and have been able encourage policies that will make cruises more sustainable for both the environment and the industry (Oceana).The Development of Oceanic PolicyInternational agreements have established the United St... ... The cruise ship pollution campaign has been strengthened by the cooperation among organizations that the Bluewater Network petition facilitated. Heightened public awareness, engendered by NGO campaigns, has press ured the U.S. government and the cruise ship industry to respond. If policy changes, such as those presented in the Clean Cruise Ships Act of 2004, occur, the activities of Conservation International may allow the cruise ship industry to comply with environmental regulations while maintaining high profits. The confluence of each NGOs actions may provide the means necessary for a strong domestic ocean regime. In the absence of international cooperation, a strong American ocean policy is an important step in safeguarding the worlds oceans. Various strategies have allowed NGOs to highlight cruise ship pollution as an issue that can not longer be ignored.

Free Billy Budd Essays: Triumph of Good over Evil :: Billy Budd Essays

Triumph of Good over Evil in Billy Budd   Herman Melvilles Billy Budd is a classic tale of good and evil.  Good is unendingly attacked by evil - until good falters.  Through the use of many literary devices, Melville makes a compelling story and develops his theme.  He shows that the good and righteous will delight over evil at the end, even when the evil is death.               The protagonist, Billy Budd, is the major force of good in the book.  Billy is a young man who seems to bring everything going for him.  He is big, strong, handsome, and he has a personality that draws everyone to him.  Everywhere he goes, he charms people, gaining the respect of those around him. A great deal of imagery is apply in describing how aesthetically perfect Billy is.  ***Give an example of this from the text*** Besides Billys stutter, he seems absolutely perfect. Billy is a sailor.  His original ship was the R ights-Of-Man, hardly he is later impressed by the Bellipotent and he becomes a foretop man.  As usual, he charms everyone.  They even call him The Handsome Sailor.  On the ship, Billy is regard by everyone except the protagonist, John Claggart.    Claggart is extremely jealous and holds a considerable amount of contempt for him.  ***What is the relationship between Billy and Claggart?*** At first he tries to be nice to Billy, but soon his true jealousies surface.  He begins to scold Billy for insignificant lapses and tries to degrade him.  In one instance when Billy spills a bowl of soup, Claggart sardonically says to Billy, Handsome is as handsome did it Deep inside, Claggart besides thinks that Billy is secretly plotting against him.  When his madness really begins to take over, Claggart starts thinking of ways to picture Billy to be a traitor.  Finally, his chance comes when a guardsman approaches Billy in the middle of the night and a sks him to join a mutiny effort with all the others that were impressed.  The guardsman also offers Billy a bribe.  Billy becomes so angry that he almost throws the guardsman overboard.  When Claggart hears of this, he immediately runs straight to Captain Vere.  Captain Vere is a well-educated, level-headed man.  He is staring(a) but just.  He offers Billy a chance to see his accuser and Billy accepts.  When Billy hears the lies that were being told of him, he goes crazy.

Free Billy Budd Essays: Triumph of Good over Evil :: Billy Budd Essays

Triumph of Good over Evil in Billy Budd   Herman Melvilles Billy Budd is a classic tale of skinny and evil.  Good is constantly attacked by evil - until good falters.  Through the use of many literary devices, Melville makes a compelling story and develops his theme.  He shows that the good and immaculate will triumph over evil at the end, even when the evil is death.               The protagonist, Billy Budd, is the major force of good in the book.  Billy is a teenage man who seems to have everything going for him.  He is big, strong, handsome, and he has a personality that draws everyone to him.  Everywhere he goes, he charms people, gaining the respect of those around him. A great have a go at it of imagery is used in describing how aesthetically perfect Billy is.  ***Give an example of this from the text*** Besides Billys stutter, he seems absolutely perfect. Billy is a sailor.  His pilot fi lm ship was the Rights-Of-Man, but he is later impressed by the Bellipotent and he becomes a foretop man.  As usual, he charms everyone.  They even call him The Handsome Sailor.  On the ship, Billy is respected by everyone except the protagonist, John Claggart.    Claggart is extremely jealous and holds a considerable amount of contempt for him.  ***What is the relationship between Billy and Claggart?*** At first he tries to be nice to Billy, but soon his true jealousies surface.  He begins to scold Billy for insignificant lapses and tries to degrade him.  In one good example when Billy spills a bowl of soup, Claggart sardonically says to Billy, Handsome is as handsome did it Deep inside, Claggart also thinks that Billy is secretly plotting against him.  When his madness really begins to take over, Claggart starts cerebration of ways to prove Billy to be a traitor.  Finally, his chance comes when a guardsman approaches Billy in the middle o f the night and asks him to join a mutiny endeavor with all the others that were impressed.  The guardsman also offers Billy a bribe.  Billy becomes so angry that he almost throws the guardsman overboard.  When Claggart hears of this, he immediately runs straight to Captain Vere.  Captain Vere is a well-educated, level-headed man.  He is stern but just.  He offers Billy a chance to see his accuser and Billy accepts.  When Billy hears the lies that were being told of him, he goes crazy.

Music Represents the Soundtracks of Life Essay

medicinal drug is an unavoidable ingredient in everyones life. Whether its medication we play by personal choice or music we hear in supermarkets or a retail store. Society entrust hear music. What comes along is what will affect the listener. Through time music has revisiond to meet the needs of society. In the past music was one of mans only form of entertainment, in many households the radio would play all day. medication changes as our lifestyle and environment changes, music was simple and very plain in the past but society could not live without it, the music was plain because their life was plain.As music developed, music started to split into different forms, now called genres. People created different genres to match their needs and feelings. Each genre reached out to a certain type of persons personality and affects that persons way of life. People listen to a specific type of genre to match their mood, for example when a person is hapless or grumpy they tend to lis ten to slow or depressing songs to match their mood, examples of these genres are blues and instrumental jazz. Different genres can also change your mood, at a club or party people play upbeat and fast paced music to get the people dancing and socialising.Rock or metal, a developing genre, is a very popular genre because of its distinct sound. Rock mainly consists of bands with a mixture of instruments and one or more vocalist. Music is not only heard on radios, cds or on the TV, music is constantly around us. One cannot imagine life without music because society is so used to hearing it. In movies music is used for effect and drama, a movie without music does not only sound muffled and boring, it feels dull and boring. The music makes you shiver at the climax of a horror movie, the music makes you cry during a romantic scene.Driving on long journeys time listening to your favourite artist makes the trip feel a lot shorter and more enjoyable. Nature is one of the only places where you can hear natural music. believe walking through the forest without hearing the sweet sounds of birds chirping or the sounds the bushes and trees make when the wind passes by. Music makes life more relaxing and often is our source of inspiration. Music moves our body in many ways, but most of all it moves our souls and helps people to look deep inside themselves. Music will continue to grow and will never die. Music is the soundtrack of life.

Bleeding Kansas

In this paper I will point out some events booster cable to Bleeding Kansas, one of the cruelest wars in history. I would also like to include some facts about John dark-brown, an abolitionist who led his men to the throttle Wars, which caused $400,000 worth(predicate) of damage. I will also explain several wars that occurred leading up to the American Civil War. After reading my research paper readers will ease up a better understanding of the violence that occurred during these crucial times in Kansas.The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 set the scene by allowing the new territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide by popular sovereignty, an idea advocated by US Senator Stephan A. Douglas, if they would be loose or slave states. The government assumed that few slave owners would attempt to settle in Kansas and make it a slave state, because it was thought to be too far north for profitable exploitation of slaves. Instead, it resulted in immigration to Kansas by activists from both sides, which began the cover wars of slavery which lasted from 1854 to 1858.In October 1855, John brown traveled to Kansas territory to fight slavery. November 21, 1855 the Wakarusa War began when Charles Dow, a free-stater, was shot by a pro-slavery settler. May 21, 1856 a group of Border Ruffians entered the Free-State town of Lawrence, where they burned the Free-State Hotel, destroyed homes, stores, two newspaper offices, and their printing presses in an effort to wipe out this hotbed of abolitionism. The next day Republican Senator Charles Sumner was brutally attacked by Democratic Congressman Preston Brooks as a result from Sumners fiery speech called The Crime Against Kansas. These acts inspired John Brown to lead a group of men into the Kansas Territory on an attack at a pro-slavery settlement at Pottawatomie Creek. Here, John Brown and his men dragged five pro-slavers out of their homes and hacked them to death.John Brown had the opportunity to kill as many as nine men bu t he settled at five, the same number of antislavery men who had late died at the hands of southern settlers. In August, thousands of proslavery Southerners formed into armies and marched into Kansas. Brown and several of his followers engaged 400 pro-slavery soldiers in the Battle of Osawatomie. The last major extravasation of violence was the Marais des Cygnes massacre in 1858, where Border Ruffians killed five Free-State men. Brown fought off all attempts to apprehend him and maintained publicity that his acts were ordered and justified by God. Brown then led and armed his men to raid the US Federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. By doing so Brown had hoped to arm slaves and flutter an uprising attack on the slaveholders. The abolitionists were overpowered by a company of US Marines under the command of Robert E. Lee. Ten of Browns group including two of his sons was killed.Five of them get away and seven including Brown himself were captured. Brown and the others were t ried by the state of Virginia shortly after. Brown was convicted of murder, conspiring in a slave rebellion, and treason. On December 2, 1859 John Brown was executed by hanging in Charleston. Brown believed that the only way to overthrow slavery was by violence. On January 29, 1861 Kansas was admitted into the Union as a free state, as a result from the Wyandotte Constitution, a document presenting the abolitionist view. The four-year Civil War Began in April of 1861 which took more than 600,000 lives and abolished slavery.

The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Nine

mariner staggered bring out of bed at precisely fourteen minutes before seven. Waking had been an elaborate undertaking. He had, after strike down Eversleigh had departed the night before, rung for a maidservant and move around inn her strict orders to rap on his gateway at fifteen minutes past six. Then, as she was leaving, he thought the better of it and revised his directive to six sharp raps at the appointed time, followed by a nonher twelve fifteen minutes later.It wasnt as if he was going to make it out of bed on the eldest attempt, anyway.The maid had also been informed that if she did not perk him at the door within ten seconds of the second behave of raps, she was to enter the agency and not depart until she was certain he was awake.And knowly, she was promised a shilling if she did not pillow a word of this to anyone.And Ill know if you do, he warned her, with his closely disarming smile. Gossip ever more(prenominal) makes its way back to me.It was true. No matter the house, no matter the establishment, the maids always told him everything. It was amazing how far one could travel on nothing unless a smile and a puppy-dog expression.Unfortunately for Jack, however, what his plan boasted in strategy, it lacked in eventual(prenominal) execution.not that the maid could be blamed. She carried out her part to the letter. Six sharp raps at fifteen minutes past six. Precisely. Jack managed to pry one midsection n first 2-thirds of the way open, which proved to be just enough to focus upon the clock on his bed facial expression table.At half six he was snoring anew, and if he only counted seven of the twelve raps, he was fairly certain the fault was his, not hers. And rattling, one had to admire the scummy girls adherence to plan when faced with his passably surly No, followed byGo absentTen more minutesI verbalize, ten more minutes andDont you have a bloody bulk to scrub?At fifteen minutes before seven, as he teetered on his belly a t the edge of his bed, one arm hanging limply oer the side, he fin whollyy managed to get both eyes open, and he saw her, sitting primly in a chair across the room.Er, is drip Eversleigh awake? he mumbled, rubbing the sleep from his left eye. His right eye seemed to have shut again, trying to pull the rest of him along with it, back into sleep.Since 20 minutes before six, sir.Chipper as a bloody mockingbird, too, Im reliable.The maid held her tongue.He cocked his mental capacity, suddenly a bit more awake. Not so chipper, eh? So miss Eversleigh was not a morning person. The day was growing brighter by the second.Shes not so bad as you, the maid finally admitted.Jack pushed his legs over the side and yawned. Shed have to be dead to achieve that.The maid giggled. It was a good, welcome sound. As long as he had the maids giggling, the house was his. He who had the servants had the world. Hed knowledgeable that at the age of six. Drove his family crazy, it did, but that just made it all the sweeter.How late do you imagine she would sleep if you didnt wake her? he asked.Oh, I couldnt differentiate you that, the maid said, blushing madly.Jack did not see how Miss Eversleighs sleep habits strength constitute a confidence, but nonetheless he had to applaud the maid for her loyalty. This did not mean, however, that he would not make every attempt to win her over.What about when the dowager gives her the day off? he asked, quite an offhandedly.The maid shook her head sadly. The dowager never gives her the day off.Never? Jack was surprised. His newfound grandmother was exacting and self-important and a host of other annoying faults, but shed struck him as, at the heart, somewhat fair-minded.Just afternoons, the maid said. And she leaned forward, looking first to her left and then her right, as if there might actually be someone else in the room who could hear her. I deal she does it just because she knows that Miss Eversleigh is not partial to mornings.Ah, now that did sound like the dowager.She gets twice as many another(prenominal) afternoons, the maid went on to explain, so it does even out in the end.Jack nodded sympathetically. Its a shame.Unfair.So unfair.And poor Miss Eversleigh, the maid went on, her voice growing in animation. Shes ever so kind.Lovely to all the maids. Never forgets our birthdays and gives us gifts that she says are from the dowager, but we all know its her.She looked up at him then, so Jack rewarded her with an earnest nod.And all she wants, poor dear, is one morning every other week to sleep until noon.Is that what she said? Jack murmured.Only once, the maid admitted. I dont think she would recall. She was very tired. I think the dowager had her up kinda late the night before. Took me twice as long as usual to rouse her.Jack nodded sympathetically.The dowager never sleeps, the maid went on.Never?Well, Im sure she must. But she doesnt seem to need very much of it.I knew a vampire bat once, Jack murmured.Poor M iss Eversleigh must adhere to the dowagers schedule, the maid explained.Jack continued on with the nodding. It seemed to be working.But she does not complain, the maid said, clearly eager to defend her. She would never complain about her grace.Never? If he had lived at Belgrave as long as dramatize, hed have been complaining forty-eight hours a day.The maid shook her head with a piety that would have been quite at home on a vicars wife. Miss Eversleigh is not one for gossip.Jack was about to point out that everyone gossiped, and despite what they might say, everyone enjoyed it. But he did not want the maid to interpret this as a critique of her current behavior, so he nodded yet again, prodding her on with Very admirable.Not with the help, at least, the maid clarified. Maybe with her friends.Her friends? Jack echoed, padding across the room in his nightshirt. Clothing had been laid out for him, freshly washed and pressed, and it did not study more than a glance to see that they we re of the finest quality.Wyndhams, more or less probably. They were of a similar size. He revereed if the duke knew that his closet had been raided. Probably not.The Ladies Elizabeth and Amelia, the maid said. They live on the other side of the village. In the other big house. Not as big as this, mind you.No, of vogue not, Jack murmured. He stubborn that this maid, whose name he really ought to learn, would be his favorite. A wealth of knowledge, she was, and all one had to do was let her get off her feet for a moment and into a comfortable chair.Their fathers the Earl of Crowland, the maid went on, nattering away even as Jack stepped into his stuffing room to don his clothing. He supposed some men would refuse to wear the dukes attire after their affray the day before, but it seemed to him an impractical battle to pick. Assuming he was not going to succeed in luring Miss Eversleigh into a wild orgy of drop out (at least not today), he would have to dress. And his own clothes were rather worn and dusty.Besides, maybe it would irk his dukeliness. And Jack had judged that to be a noble pursuit, indeed.Does Miss Eversleigh get to spend time with the Ladies Elizabeth and Amelia very often? he called out, pulling on his breeches. Perfect fit. How fortunate.No. Although they were here yesterday.The two girls hed seen her with in the front drive. The light-haired ones. Of tend. He should have realized they were sisters. He would have realized it, he supposed, if hed been able to tear his eyes away from Miss Eversleigh long enough to see beyond the color of their hair. gentlewoman Amelia is to be our next duchess, the maid continued.Jacks hands, which were doing up the buttons on Wyndhams extraordinarily well-cut linen shirt, stilled.Really, he said. I did not realize the duke was betrothed.Since Lady Amelia was a baby, the maid supplied. Well be having a wedding soon, I think. Weve got to, really. Shes getting long in the tooth. I dont think her parentsll s tand for much more delay.Jack had thought both girls had looked youthful, but he had been some distance away.Twenty-one, I think she is.That old? he murmured dryly.Im seventeen, the maid said with a sigh.Jack decided not to comment, as he could not be sure whether she wished to be seen as older or younger than her actual years. He stepped out of the dressing room, putting the finishing touches on his cravat.The maid jumped to her feet. Oh, but I should not gossip.Jack gave her a reassuring nod. I wont say a word. I give you my vow.She dashed toward the door, then turned around and said, My name is Bess. She bobbed a curtsy. If you need anything.Jack smiled then, because he was quite certain her offer was completely innocent. There was something rather refreshing in that.A minute after Bess left, a footman arrived, as promised by Miss Eversleigh, to escort him down to the breakfast room. He proved not nearly as informative as Bess (the footmen never were, at least not to him), and th e quintuplet-minute walk was made in silence.The fact that the trip required five minutes was not lost on Jack. If Belgrave had seemed unconscionably huge from afar, then the inside was a positive labyrinth. He was fairly certain hed seen less than a ordinal of it, and already hed located three staircases. There were turrets, too hed seen them from the outside, and about certainly dungeons as well.There had to be dungeons, he decided, taking what had to be the sixth turn since descending the staircase.No self-respecting castle would be without them. He decided hed ask Grace to take him down for a peek, if only because the subterranean live were probably the only ones that could be counted upon not to have invaluable old masters hanging on the walls.A lover of art he might be, but this he nearly flinched when he brushed past an El Greco was simply too much. Even his dressing room had been hung wainscot to ceiling with priceless oils. Whoever had adorned there had an appalling fondness for cupids. Blue silk bedroom, his foot. The place ought to be renamed Corpulent Babies, Armed with Quivers and Bows Room. Subtitled Visitors Beware.Because, really, there ought to be a limit on how many cupids one could put in one small dressing room.They turned a final corner, and Jack nearly sighed in delight as the familiar smells of an English breakfast wafted past his nose. The footman motioned to an open doorway, and Jack walked through it, his body tingling with an unfamiliar anticipation, only to find that Miss Eversleigh had not yet arrived.He looked at the clock. One minute before seven. Surely that was a new, postmilitary record.The sideboard had already been laid, so he took a plate, filled it to heaping, and chose a seat at the table.It had been some time since hed breakfasted in a proper house. His meals of late had been taken at inns and in rented rooms, and before that on the battlefield. It felt luxurious to sit with his meal, almost decadent.Coffee, tea, or chocolate, sir?Jack had not had chocolate for more time than he could remember, and his body nearly shuddered with delight. The footman took note of his preference and moved to another table, where three deluxe pots sat in a row, their arched spouts sticking up like a line of swans. In a moment Jack was rewarded with a go cup, into which he promptly dumped three spoonfuls of sugar and a splash of milk.There were, he decided, taking one heavenly sip, some advantages to a life of luxury.He was nearly through with his food when he heard footsteps approaching. Within moments Miss Eversleigh appeared. She was dressed in a demure white frock no, not white, he decided, more of a cream color, rather like the top of a milk bucket before it was skimmed. Whatever the hue was, it matched the swirling plaster that adorned the door frame absolutely. She needed only a yellow ribbon (for the walls, which were surprisingly cheerful for such an imposing home) and he would have sworn the room ha d been decorated just for that moment. He stood, offering her a polite bow. Miss Eversleigh, he murmured. He want that she was blushing.Just a miniscule, which was ideal. Too much, and that would mean she was embarrassed. A air out hint of pale pink, however, meant that she was looking forward to the encounter.And perhaps thought she ought not to be.Which was even better.Chocolate, Miss Eversleigh? the footman asked.Oh, yes, please, Graham. She sounded most relieved to get her beverage in hand. And indeed, when she finally sat across from him, her plate nearly as full as his, she sighed with delight.You dont take sugar? he asked, surprised. Hed never met a woman and very a couple of(prenominal) men, for that matter with a taste for unsweetened chocolate. He couldnt abide it himself.She shook her head. Not in the morning. I need it undiluted.He watched with interest and, to be honest, a fair bit of amusement as she alternately sipped the brew and breathed in the scent of it. Her hands did not leave her cup until shed drained the last drop, and then Graham, who obviously knew her preferences well, was at her side in an instant, refilling without even a hint of a request.Miss Eversleigh, Jack decided, was definitely not a morning person.Have you been down long? she asked, now that she had imbibed a full cup.Not long. He gave a rueful glance to his plate, which was almost clean. I lettered to eat quickly in the army.By necessity, I imagine, she said, taking a bite of her coddled eggs.He let his chin dip very slightly to live her statement.The dowager will be down shortly, she said.Ah. So you mean that we must learn to converse quickly as well, if we wish to have any enjoyable converse before the descent of the duchess.Her lips twitched. That wasnt exactly what I meant, but She took a sip of her chocolate, not that that hid her smile. its close.The things we must learn to do quickly, he said with a sigh.She looked up, secern frozen halfway to her mo uth. A small blob of egg fell to her plate with a slap. Her cheeks were positively flaming with color.I didnt mean that, he said, most pleased with the direction of her thoughts. Good heavens, I would never do that quickly.Her lips parted. Not quite an O, but a rather attractive smaller oval nonetheless.Unless, of course I had to, he added, letting his eyes grow heavy-lidded and warm. When faced with the choice of speed versus abstinence Mr. AudleyHe sat back with a satisfied smile. I was wondering when youd scold me.Not soon enough, she muttered.He picked up his knife and fork and cut off a piece of bacon. It was thick and pink and perfectly cooked.And once again, there it is, he said, popping the meat into his mouth. He chewed, swallowed, then added, My inability to be serious.But you claimed that wasnt true. She leaned in just an inch or so, but the motion seemed to say Im watching you.He almost shivered. He liked world watched by her.You said, she continued, that you were frequently serious, and that it is up to me to figure out when.Is that what I said? he murmured.Something rather close to it.Well, then. He leaned in closer, too, and his eyes captured hers, green on blue, across the breakfast table. What do you think? Am I being serious right now?For a moment he thought she might answer him, but no, she just sat back with an innocent little smile and said, I really couldnt say.You disappoint me, Miss Eversleigh.Her smile turned positively serene as she accrueed her attention to the food on her plate. I couldnt maybe render judgment on a subject so unfit for my ears, she murmured.He laughed aloud at that. You have a very devious esthesis of humor, Miss Eversleigh.She appeared to be pleased by the compliment, almost as if shed been waiting for years for someone to acknowledge it. But before she could say anything (if indeed shed mean to say something), the moment was positively assaulted by the dowager, who marched into the breakfast room trailed by two rather harried and unhappy looking maids.What are you laughing about? she demanded.Nothing in particular, Jack replied, deciding to spare Miss Eversleigh the task of making conversation.After five years in the dowagers service, the poor girl merit a respite. Just enjoying Miss Eversleighs enchanting company.The dowager shot them both a sharp look. My plate, she snapped. One of the maids rushed to the sideboard, but she was halted when the dowager said, Miss Eversleigh will see to it.Grace stood without a word, and the dowager turned to Jack and said, She is the only one who does it properly. She shook her head and let out a short-tempered little puff of air, clearly keen the levels of intelligence commonly found in the servants.Jack said nothing, deciding this would be as good a time as any to take to task his aunts favorite axiom If you cant say something nice, say nothing at all.Although it was tempting to say something extraordinarily nice about the servants.Grace retu rned, plate in hand, set it down in front of the dowager, and then gave it a little twist, turning the disk until the eggs were at nine oclock, closest to the forks.Jack watched the entire affair, first curious, then impressed. The plate had been divided into six equal, wedge-shaped sections, each with its own food selection. Nothing touched, not even the hollandaise sauce, which had been dribbled over the eggs with careful precision. Its a masterpiece, he declared, arching forward. He was trying to see if shed signed her name with the hollandaise.Grace gave him a look. One that was not difficult to interpret.Is it a sundial? he asked, all innocence.What are you talking about? the dowager grumbled, picking up a fork.No Dont ruin it he cried out as best he could without exploding with laughter.But she jabbed a slice of stewed apple all the same.How could you? Jack accused.Grace actually turned in her chair, unable to watch.What the devil are you talking about? the dowager demanded. Miss Eversleigh, why are you facing the window? What is he about?Grace twisted back around, hand over her mouth. Im sure I do not know.The dowagers eyes narrowed. I think you do know.I assure you, Grace said, I never know what he is about.Never? Jack queried. What a wholesale comment. Weve only just met.It feels like so much longer, Grace said.Why, he mused, do I wonder if I have just been insulted?If youve been insulted, you shouldnt have to wonder at it, the dowager said sharply.Grace turned to her with some surprise. Thats not what you said yesterday.What did she say yesterday? Mr. Audley asked.He is a Cavendish, the dowager said simply. Which, to her, explained everything. But she apparently held little faith in Graces deductive abilities, and so she said, as one might speak to a child, We are different.The rules dont apply, Mr. Audley said with a shrug. And then, as soon as the dowager was looking away, he winked at Grace. What did she say yesterday? he asked again.Grace was no t sure she could adequately paraphrase, wedded that she was so at odds with the boilersuit sentiment, but she couldnt very well ignore his direct question twice, so she said, That there is an art to insult, and if one can do it without the subject realizing, its even more impressive.She looked over to the dowager, waiting to see if she would be corrected. It does not apply, the dowager said archly, when one is the subject of the insult.Wouldnt it still be art for the other person? Grace asked.Of course not. And why should I care if it were? The dowager sniffed disdainfully and turned back to her breakfast. I dont like this bacon, she announced.Are your conversations always this oblique? Mr. Audley asked.No, Grace answered, quite honestly. It has been a most exceptional two days.No one had anything to add to that, probably because they were all in such agreement. But Mr. Audley did fill the silence by turning to the dowager and saying, I found the bacon to be superb.To that, the dow ager replied, Is Wyndham returned?I dont believe so, Grace answered. She looked up to the footman. Graham?No, miss, he is not at home.The dowager pursed her lips into an expression of irritated discontent. Very inconsiderate of him.It is early yet, Grace said.He did not indicate that he would be gone all night.Is the duke normally required to register his schedule with his grandmother? Mr. Audley murmured, clearly out to make trouble.Grace gave him a peeved look. Surely this did not require a reply. He smiled in return. He enjoyed vexing her. This much was becoming abundantly clear. She did not read too much into it, however. The man enjoyed vexing everyone.Grace turned back to the dowager. I am certain he will return soon.The dowagers expression did not budge in its irritation. I had hoped that he would be here so that we might talk frankly, but I suppose we may proceed without him.Do you think thats wise? Grace asked before she could stop herself. And indeed, the dowager responde d to her impertinence with a withering stare. But Grace refused to regret speaking out. It was not right to make determinations about the future in Thomass absence.Footman the dowager barked. Leave us and close the doors behind you.Once the room was secure, the dowager turned to Mr. Audley and announced, I have given the matter great thought.I really think we should wait for the duke, Grace cut in. Her voice sounded a little panicked, and she wasnt sure why she was quite so distressed. Perhaps it was because Thomas was the one person who had made her life bearable in the past five years. If it hadnt been for him, shed have forgotten the sound of her own laughter.She liked Mr. Audley. She liked him rather too much, in all honesty, but she would not allow the dowager to hand him Thomass birthright over breakfast.Miss Eversleigh the dowager bit off, clearly offset a blistering set-down.I agree with Miss Eversleigh, Mr. Audley put in smoothly. We should wait for the duke.But the dowa ger waited for no one. And her expression was one part formidable and two parts defiant when she said, We must travel to Ireland. Tomorrow if we can manage it.

End of Life Essay

According to IOM (2008), the next generation of one period(a) adults will be like no other before it. It will be the or so educated and diverse group of older adults in the nations history. They will set themselves apart from their predecessors by having fewer children, higher divorce rates, and a lower likelihood of living in poverty. But the key distinguishing feature of the next generation of older Americans will be their vast numbers. According to the most recent census numbers, there be now 78 million Americans who were born between 1946 and 1964.By 2030 the youngest members of the baby boom generation will be at least 65, and the number of older adults 65 years and older in the United States is judge to be more than 70 million, or almost double the nearly 37 million older adults alive in 2005. The number of the oldest old, those who are 80 and over, is also expected to nearly double, from 11 million to 20 million (Institute of Medicine of the National Academies IOM, 2008, p. 29). The United States wellness fretting organization faces enormous challenges as the baby boomer generation nears retirement get along.Current reimbursement policies, workforce practices, and resource allocations all need to be re-evaluated, and redesigned in order to prepare the wellness safeguard system for meeting the needs of the inevitably growing population of older adults. Areas such as education, training, recruitment, and retention of the health kick workforce serving older adults will require remodeling. To accomplish this will require the dedication and allocation of greater financial resources, even at a time when budgets are already be severely stretched.The nation is responsible for ensuring that older adults will be charged for by a health care workforce prepared to provide high-quality care. If menstruation Medicare and Medicaid policies and workforce tr rests continue, the nation will fail to meet this responsibility. Throwing more money into a system th at is not designed to deliver high-quality, cost-effective care or to facilitate the development of an appropriate workforce would be a largely wasted effort (IOM, 2008, p. 1-12). Ethical Standards for Resource AllocationEthics have a paramount role in solving the colonial dilemmas surrounding the develop population and health care. There are several ethical standards I conceptualise should be used in ascertain resource allocation for the aging population and demolition of animation care. Yet realistically, most are unreasonable with the already limited resources available for health care. Unfortunately difficult decisions need to be made in the allocation of resources. Three primary ethical standards that could realistically ameliorate health care for the aging, which I believe should determine resource allocations are 1.Autonomy suggest that individuals have a right to determine what is in their receive best interest, though that interest may be limited if exercising that right limits the rights of others. 2. Beneficence means that clinicians should act completely in the interest of their patients. pity taking positive action to help others desire to do good core principle of our patient advocacy. 3. Justice implies fairness and that all groups have an jibe right to clinical services regardless of race, g breaker, age, income, or any other characteristic (Teutsch & Rechel, 2012, p.1). It is inevitable that difficult decisions have to be made regarding how health care resources will be allocated for the aging and dying. In my opinion scarce health care resources should be offered as fair as possible (justice), to do the most good for the patient in every situation (beneficence), with respect of the individual human right to have control of what happens to their own body (autonomy). Elderly and end of life patients have a right to care that is dignified and honest.The three ethical standards noted above should be the driving force behind determining health care resource allocations, allowing for quality care delivery, tailored to individual health needs at any stage of aging through the end of life, ensuring protection and satisfaction to such a vulnerable patient population. As stated by Maddox (1998), perhaps the impact of the array of problems, issues, and the myriad difficult decisions that policy stoolrs and managers make may be softened by imaginative and rational strategies to finance, organize, and deliver health care when resources are scarce.Decisions related to scarce resource allocations must be made in consideration of the ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, and especially justice. Ethical issues related to scarce resource allocation are probably to become increasingly complex in the future. Thus, it is imperative that health care leaders diligently and ethically continue to explore these issues (Maddox, 1998, p. 41). Somehow, while using the three standards noted, we need to reform our health care system to benefit the aging and dying, and adhere to the codes of conduct the best elan possible with the limited resources available.If there is a will, there is a way Ethical Challenges The critically challenging ethical issue of aged based health care limit is faced when preparing for an adequate health care system that will meet the care needs of the aging and dying. According to AAM (1988), the rationale for a program of health care rationing based on age rests on the assumption that society should allocate its resources efficiently, and that age-based rationing represents the most efficient method of resource allocation. Within this context, it has been argued that since most of the elderly are not in the work force they do not directly benefit society.Although the elderly, it is argued, should be provided with basic necessities and comfort, the greatest portion of health care resources, including expensive medical technologies, are better deployed on younger, more productive segm ents of the population (American Medical Association AMA, 1988, p. 1). One tool developed by economist that has been used to measure shelter of ones life so to speak is known as quality adjusted life years or QALY. It is a widely used measure of health improvement that is used to guide health-care resource allocation decisions.The QALY was originally developed as a measure of health effectiveness for cost-effectiveness analysis, a method think to aid decision-makers charged with allocating scarce resources across competing health-care program (Kovner & Knickman, 2011, p. 258). Another common term for health care rationing is known as the death panel, or Obama Death Council. This panel is a government agency that would decide who would receive health care and who would not receive health care based on some form of standard implemented by the government.One difficult ethical question posed is, if we do ration health care, who decides how it is rationed, when and why? The advocates o f rationing argue that society benefits from the increase in economic productivity that results when medical resources are diverted from an elderly, retired population to those younger members of society who are more likely to be working. As stated by Binstock (200), promoting age-based rationing is detrimental to the elderly because it devalues the status of older people and caters to the values of a youth- oriented acculturation, aculture in which negative stereotyping based on age is prevalent. One possible consequence of denying health care to elderly persons is what it might do to the quality of life for all of us as we approach the too old for health care category. Societal acceptance of the notion that elderly people are pitiful of having their lives saved could markedly shape our general outlook toward the meaning and value of our lives in old age. At the least it might engender the unnecessarily dingy prospect that old age should be anticipated and experienced as a stage in which the quality of life is low.The specter of morbidity and stock could be pervasive and over- whelming (Binstock, 2007, p. 8). Other ethical challenges related to the provisions of aging based health care are 1. Lack of education amongst health care providers in meeting the care needs of the aging and dying as well as providers faced with ethically challenging decisions especially at the end of life. 2. Lack of funds to support the diverse and challenging health needs of the aging, and promotion of comfort when dying, whether it be funds for care, facility placement, or ability to subscribe to enough staff to me the high demands of a large population, and education.3. Cost effectiveness vs. quality of care vs. quality of life In the end, there is no issue to the problem of aging, at least no solution that a civilized society could ever tolerate. Rather, our task is to do the best we can with the world as it is, improving what we can but especially avoiding as much as possi ble the greatest evils and miseries of living with old age namely, the temptation of betrayal, the illusion of continual youth, the despair of frailty, and the loneliness of aging and dying alone (Georgetown University, 2005, para.62). One way or another it is imperative to our aging society that a health care system is developed under the principals of autonomy, beneficence, and justice that will not deliver care based on rationing and determination of ones worth, but based on the individual and their health needs that will facilitate optimal aging and peaceful dying. References American Medical Association. (1988). Ethical implications of age-based rationing of health care (I-88). Retrieved from http//www.ama-assn. org/resources/ commercialism/ethics/ceja_bi88. pdf Binstock, R. H. (2007, August). Our aging societies ethical, moral, and policy challenges. Journal of Alzheimers Disease, 12, 3-9. Retrieved from http//web. ebscohost. com. ezp. waldenulibrary. org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfv iewer? sid=64fb29eb-cd59-49c6-8750-ad2528de0fba%40sessionmgr110&vid=13&hid=114 Georgetown University. (2005). Taking care ethical caregiving of our aging society. Retrieved from http//bioethics. georgetown.edu/pcbe/reports/taking_care/chapter1. html Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. (2008). Retooling for an aging America building the health care workforce. Retrieved from http//www. fhca. org/members/workforce/retooling. pdf Kovner, PhD, A. R. , & Knickman, PhD, J. R. (2011). Jonas & Kovners Health Care Delivery in the United States (10th ed. , pp. 1-404). New York Springer Publishing Company. Maddox, P. J. (1998, December). administrative ethics and the allocation of scarce resources.The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 3(3). Retrieved from http//www. nursingworld. org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Vol31998/No3Dec1998/ScarceResources. html Teutsch, S. , & Rechel, B. (2012). Ethics of resource allocation and rationing medical care in a time of fiscal restraint _ US and Europe. Public Health Reviews, 34(1), 10. Retrieved from http//www. publichealthreviews. eu/upload/pdf_files/11/00_Teutsch. pdf

People With Disabilities

The nature, causality, assessment, prevention, accommodation, and my personal reflection of the audition exit will be discussed in my paper. I. Nature of the Exception all in ally harmonise to Gallaudet University, approximately 1 of every 1,000 infants is born desensitize time 6 of every 1,000 be born with some degree of h pinnaing loss. Permanent hearing loss at birth annually affects 24,000 infants in the USA. In other words, 6 infants per 1,000 will have a hearing loss in a least one ear that will affect communication, cognition, and educational development.Twenty to thirty percent of hearing loss in youngsterren occurs during infancy and early clawhood. just about will suffer hearing loss in one ear or possibly both. There argon different types of hearing loss. A conductive hearing loss occurs in the nub ear. This is where three small bones involved in hearing are located. A hearing loss that occurs in this array of the ear is usually temporary. A chronic or recurrent ear infections may cause a hearing loss in the middle ear. There are cases where there is a malformation in this area that give the axe be improved or right through surgery.There are occasions when a problem in the middle ear apprize non be corrected. A sensori-neural hearing loss occurs in the middle ear and indicates that there is nerve damage. This type of loss is not reversible. In summary, there are different natures of hearing loss some that can be corrected or others that are irreversible. II. Etiology/Causality Parents sometimes ask Why did this happen to my child In some cases, the cause of a childs hearing loss may be easy to trace. There may be a family history of desensitizeness, a congenital condition, an illness, an accident, a prescribed edication, etc. that may plainly be cause of the hearing loss.In many cases, there may be no obvious reason for the hearing loss. Parents must come to witness that they may likely never know the cause of this hearing loss. In my case, Meningitis was the cause of my hearing loss. When I was one year old, I was not responding to my parents calls. They took me to the hospital to get tested and found that I had Meningitis. III. Assessment Many birthing facilities in our country have currently adopted the Universal Testing of all infants for hearing loss.The two most frequently used measures for testing infants are the ABR (Auditory Brainstem Response) and Otoacoustic Emissions (OAEs). Both measures can be made on an infant while he or she is sleeping and requires no response from the child. The ABR monitors brain activity. It looks specifically, however, the activity that happens in response to sound. OAEs are a quick, non-invasive probe measure that determines cochlear, or midland ear, function. The importance of early childhood development is critical for a child with a hearing loss.Early diagnosis and intervention of hearing loss can mean the difference etween toddlers entering school with severe vocab ulary and concept delays versus children with age appropriate language and concept development. Early hearing screening paves the way of life for children to be able-bodied to begin life on an equal footing with their hearing peers. Recent research at Gallaudet University indicates that children whose hearing losses are determine in the first 6 months of life, and who receive intervention services, developed language within the normal range. IV.Prevention/Remediation/Accommodation The law mandates that public schools are responsible for providing an appropriate education ithin the childs neighborhood school. School districts are required to educate students the least restrictive environment with the related services necessary to allot for their success. Some counties/states will have what is called cluster programs. This is when classes for the deaf(p) or hard of hearing are located in specific schools. Students can be in an environment with a teacher of the deaf and hard of he aring and deaf and hard of hearing peers but also be in a rhythmical school setting.Another options for family is a school for the deaf. Most schools for the deaf now offer different communication options rom which a family can choose. Schools must film language and communication needs, opportunities for direct communications with peers and professional personnel in the childs language and communication mode, academic level, and full range of needs, including opportunities for direct instruction in the childs language and communication mode into consideration. This does not mean that the peer will also have a hearing loss but should be able to communicate in the deaf or hard of hearing childs mode of communication.Many parents choose to have their children in a setting where other deaf and hard of earing students are also in attendance thereby allowing for friendships with other deaf and hard of hearing students to develop naturally. Teacher may need to countersink their classroo m to meet the students needs. The teacher must focus on reducing background mental disorders as much as possible. To reduce background noises the classroom can have carpeting, area rugs, or drapes. If the classroom do not have drapes, tennis balls can be attached to the bottom of chair legs to stop chairs from scar on the floor.Noise absorbing material such as a corkboard can be added to the classroom as well. The teacher should consider background noise when choosing the childs seating placement. The school should adjust their teaching strategies to accommodate their students needs. When teaching in the classroom, the teacher needs to remember that a hearing aide do not correct hearing in the same way that eyeglasses correct vision. When speaking to the class, the teacher needs to be in a distance where the child will be able to understand speech and speak at a normal tone.They need to remember that the deaf or hard or hearing child may have fluctuating hearing oss as a result of colds or ear infections changing what we can hear from day to day. There are communication options that teachers can use in the classroom. American Sign Language (ASL) is a manual language that is distinct from spoken English. extensively used within and among deaf community. English is, however, taught as a second language. Closed Captioning is way of communication used on the television set. Words await on the bottom of the screen to communicate to a deaf or hard of hearing student.Another form of communication is an interpreter. Interpreters are used for deaf and hard of hearing students to communicate in ASL what the teacher is discussing. Total Communication is the philosophy of using every to communicate with deaf and hard of hearing students. The child is exposed to a formal sign-language system, finger spelling, natural gestures, speech reading, body language, oral speech, and use of amplification. The idea is to communicate and teach vocabulary and language in any manner that works in the classroom. V. Personal Reflections When I wrote this paper, I have never given my culture background any thought. deaf culture is part of my ife. I have basically been raised in more of a hearing culture setting then a deaf culture setting. I went to school with my hearing peers but yet had many deaf friends. I went through the nature, causality, assessment, and the accommodation discussed in this paper. I have experient this first hand and am lucky to have this support. Deaf and hard of hearing has their advantages. We have a right to sit up front at a concert or event. We can also shut people out by just switching off our hearing aides. Being part of the Deaf community is a great experience and I would not change that for the world.

Dbq †Crime and Punishment Essay

Law is good. Man, in his needs, has different motivations for natural rectitude in society. His lay needs require striving for arbitrator, social stability, and punishment. However, in the area of religious influence, law should promote morality so that believers can get close to paragon or be separated and condemned by God. As man and society evolves, the inclination of law has remained the same to punish and deter.Faith is a guarantee for happiness. If ace lives a proper life of morality then rewards await. According to the Old testament (1), God desires a harsh but structured cypher of conduct for man. Man is inherently a selfish and savage creature. Boundaries are necessary in order for society to function lawfully and logically. This negative behavior can be influenced by ultimate punishments capital punishment and condemnation. The POV for the Old Testament is one of tone.The feeling expressed is one of caution. The book of Laviticus stresses behavior and how people m ust be sure that they follow good conduct in order to occupy God. If this behavior goes against morality, then hell and punishment awaits. Also, stated by Ashoka (4), wild pansy and harmony in life can be achieved through proper justice even for the guilty. Hope and reassurance can be displayed, when, judging others, no prejudice is displayed bias against color, religion, status, etc God doesnt.The POV from Ashoka reflects an authorial nature. He believes his rule should bring harmony and peace to his kingdom. Since he is a Buddhist, he depart naturally stress Buddhist ideology in his reign law, military, economic, etcMan uses the law to better himself and society. According to the code of Hammurabi (2), Hammurabi emphasizes the power of the court system when dealing with punishment or justice. When people trust their government to provide fairness and security through legal and policy-making processes and actions, then those people and their nation will be strong economical ly, culturally, etc Han Fei Tzu (3) states that the law applies to everyone.Punishing the rich and noble, as well as common people, shows equality in asociety and creates trust between the people and their government. If biasness is involved with punishment, the people will demand for justice because of the need for fairness and equality in a strong political and social society. Also, according to the Twelve Tables (5), people should take the clock condemnation to negotiate in the judicial system in order to do issues in a civilized manner.All citizens are entitled to a fair and just trial, no matter ones social status. Government creates penalties in alter degrees to match the severities of criminal offence to appear just to society. According to Tahema (6), be good and you will do good in society be bad and you will be punished. Decent behavior is obvious in its actions and rewards. Following what is right leads to obvious rewards physical happiness, social success (job), etc In addition, Beccaria(7) states that punishment should fit the crime law should deter. Fear is a strong motivator it can direct action and words when it comes to how you think and feel.If ones afraid of saying or doing the wrong thing, then one will consider the consequences of their behavior beforehand. Plus, according to John Mill (8), the death penalty is appropriate in some places. The some severe crime of man is punishable by the ultimate penalty the death penalty. For justice to prevail, for the worst of crimes, the judicial system still is burdened of proving the cloaked of character of the defendant. The POV from Mill is one of tone.He displays viciousness in his feelings about the death penalty. Mill is non afraid to play God and judge others not worthy to live. His attitude may be more about revenge than justice. Sometimes justice calls for blood.Based on these documents from reliable sources varied through time periods, there has been no significant change over t ime in the purpose of law. Hammurabi implemented the use of a court system to rule on the legality and punishment of a crime. Also, later in history, the Twelve Tables describe how a court trail works and to negotiate on problems. As time progresses, the secular and religious motivations have gone through no significant changes.A good outside source would be a Supreme lawcourt justice of the Supreme Court in the early 1900s. Because of his experience dealing with the legality and punishment of laws his whole career, we would understand why man strives for justice and whether or not someone deserves punishment.His determination to achieve social stability requires him to inflict the death penalty upon the citizens of his own nation, while also trying to interpret the law in accordance with the society in his time period.In conclusion, law is good. Mans needs have different motivations for law in society. His secular needs require striving for justice, social stability, and punishmen t. However, in the area of religious influence, law should promote morality so that believers can get close to God or be separated and condemned by God. As man and society evolves, the purpose of law has remained the same to punish and deter.

The Biography of John Forbes Nash †The Mathematician

John Forbes Nash, Junior was born on the 13th of June, 1928. He is one of the renounced mathematicians in annuls of history, and an American born brilliant citizen. He bagged a Nobel memorial prize in 1994 in the field of Economic sciences. This Nobel Prize he shared with new(prenominal) game theorists like Reinhard Selten and John Harsanyi. John Nash is a senior research officer of the mathematics department in Princeton University. In addition to his attainments, he make significant contributions to game theory, equations of partial differentiation, and geometrical differentiation.Family Background Nash is equally an important figure in Hollywood movie. Of notable was A beautiful Mind which was credit as the eight Oscars. The early intent of John Nash was spent in West Virginia. His father, John Forbes Nash (Snr) was an electrical electronic while his catch was Margaret Virginia Martin. John Nash was a voracious reader in his early life. Some of the materials found accustomed wi th were Time Magazine, Life Magazine and Comptons Encyclopedia. At a tender duration of twelve, John demonstrated a life of self-worth irrespective of rejection from his colleagues.He returned vibes and a sense of intellectual superiority for social rejection from his peers. This in a way make him suffered no inferiority complex. For John Nash, the rejection was rather an opportunity to carry out scientific researches without distraction but with utmost concentration. Since there was less interest in his contribution amidst his peers, he maximized the time working alone in his rooms demonstrating scientific prowess. He demonstrated oddity, doing things in his own way. This was noted by his mother and sister. Attempt at resolving it failed.Nash confessed that it was a book title Men of Mathematics that got his interest in mathematics ignited. Though he was in spunky school, he visited Bluefield College regularly for extra study. With Westinghouse Scholarship, Nash attended Carneg ie Mellon University at Pennsylvania where he bagged Bachelors and masters degree in mathematics. He traverse over to the study of mathematics after some academic experience firstly in the department of chemical engineering and chemistry. He bagged masters degree in 1948. Shortly, Nash took a summer job where he worked on Navy research project at White Oak, Maryland.This was for a while. Academic Achievements professor of mathematics, R. J. Duffin recommended the appointment of John Nash into the Princetons Mathematics department. The singular whole write-up was This man is a genius. Following this recommendation, Solomon Lefschetz (Chairman, Princeton University Mathematics Department) pursued and persuaded John Nash to drop his atomic number 42 interest in Harvard University for his department. On evaluating that Princeton University placed more value on him, John Nash joined the team at Princeton in 1948.At this university, his work on balance theory speaks volume in the curre nt mathematical world. With a dissertation report in non-cooperative games, he earned a doctorate degree ii days later. Four of his published articles on this theory are equilibrium Points in N-person games, in the Proceedings of the national Academy of Sciences, The Bargaining Problem in Econometrica, Two-person Cooperative Games in Econometrica and Real Algebraic Manifolds, Annals of mathematics (on algebraic geometry). His most famous contribution in pure mathematics was the Nash embedding theorem.The theorem showed that any summary Riemannian manifold can be isometrically realized as a sub-manifold of Euclidean space. His contribution to the theory of nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations is in like manner noted. He is a genius indeed. Personal Life, Marriage and on Schizophrenia In mid 50s, Nash suffered arrest on moral charge of homophile(a) sexual involvement. This led to him losing a post at RAND Corporation. According to Nasar, After this traumatic series of career-threatening events, he decided to marry John Nash met his wife Alicia Lopez-Harrison de Larde in 1951.She is a student of physics in Massachusetts Institute of Technology where Nash lectured. Six years later they got married. In 1959, Nash was admitted to psychiatric hospital for mental manipulation where he was diagnosed of paranoid schizophrenia, depression and low self-esteem. Shortly after the incidence, the pregnant Lopez-Harrison birthed their son. He remained nameless for over a years when John Nash could have a fair say on his child. According to Sylvia Nasas 1998 biography of Nash in A beautiful Mind, Nash remarried his wife on June 2001 after an interval of seven years divorce.The Nobel Prize won in Economic (1994) was said to be have been somehow instrumental to the reunion. Alicia suffered boarder. In her words we lived like two distantly related ones under the same roof Nash received some other awards he was awarded the John von Neumann Theory Prize for his i nvention of non-cooperative equilibria (now called The Nash Equilibria). He won the Leroy P. Steele Prize as at 1999. Also in 1994, he won Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. His recent work on move game theory has invented two popular games viz. Hex and So Long Sucker.In all, he had published 23 scientific reports. What a successful life lived References Kuhn W. , Harold Sylvia Nasar (Eds. ). The Essential John Nash (PDF) Introduction, xi. Princeton University Press. Retrieved on 2008-04-30. Nasar, Sylvia. A Beautiful Mind, page 46-47. Simon & Schuster, 1998 Levy, Emanuel (2003, page 145). All about Oscar The History and Politics of the Academy Awards. Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 0826414524. Retrieved on 2008-04-30. http//cepa. newschool. edu/het/profiles/nash. htm http//nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/1994/nash-autobio. html

Whatever Happens Happens for the Best

Whatever Happens, Happens for the Best Once upon a time there was an former(a) homo called bob, who lived alone in a village. He would go about his business alone, even in his experienced age. He was a nice, friendly man who was liked by all the people in the village. Bob had only one son and he moved to a school far away from the village. some people in the village forever felt sorry for Bob, they knew he must be lonely. The villagers would always ask Bob if his son would ever return. To all of them, Bob would always say, Whatever happens, happens for the solid. One day, the old mans son returned to the village. The entire village was very happy for Bob, and a lot of villagers came oer to congratulate him. Like always, the old man was polite. He thanked all of them for coming over and said, Whatever happens, happens for the good. A hardly a(prenominal) days had passed, when one day, Bobs son fell off a provides back and broke his leg. Once again the entire village came ove r to Bobs house to visit his son. And once again the old man thanked them for their care and said, Whatever happens, happens for the good. Some of the villagers were affect to hear this and wondered what good could there possibly be in a unconnected leg. A few days later, a small army of the local king came to the village and made all the materialisation healthy men join the army. When they came to Bobs house they found his son with a broken leg. So they left him behind. Once again, all the villagers came to the old mans house to congratulate him for his good luck. And like always, the old man thanked them for their care and said, Whatever happens, happens for the good.

A Raisin in the Sun – 5

The whole course of kind-hearted history may depend on a change of heart in bingle caveman and even humble individual- for it is in the solitary mind and soul of the individual that the battle between skinny and evil is waged and ultimately won or lost. This quote speaks of changes in heart. I believe someone who has a change in anyway, whether its in heart o anything else, for good has grown and become high-energy. alive(p) is characterized as a constant change in activity or progress. Perhaps the well-nigh dynamic character in Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun is Beneatha because of her change in identity, career, and love.The first intellect why I believe she is the most dynamic character is because of her change in identity. During the source of the gaming Beneatha had straight hair, on with everyone else in her family that was a female. She enjoyed and did not mind her straight hair until Asagai pointed out that she was conform to society. He was speaking of the act o f imitating the behavior of some situation or some process by means of something suitably analogous, or a simulation. He attains the argument that she should straighten her hair because she should keep her master routes.He begins to speak of being assimilated or, people of different backgrounds come to see themselves as part of a large national family. Another thing that Beneatha to change her identity was listen to different types of music. She did this in the hopes to prove to her family she did not want to conform. She wanted to prove that she could stay true to her heritage. The next thing that led me to believe that Beneatha is the most dynamic character is her change in career. Although Beneatha has chosen a career path, she is not sure what she would give care to do in her spare time.She speaks to mama about learning how to play the guitar. Mama says, Why you got to shoot so from one thing to another, baby? (Hansberry 47) Beneatha replies, I just want to learn to play t he guitar. Is at that place anything wrong with that? (Hansberry 47) Aint nobody trying to stop you. I just wonders sometimes why you has to flit so from one thing to another all the time. You aint never through with(p) nothing with all that camera equipment you brought home-, Mama says (Hansberry 47). She has pursued several different options, but she is like a kid in a candy store and has an extremely difficult time staying, or viscid to one thing.But the thing about her career that changes isnt what she wants to do, but why she wants to do it. In the beginning of the play she talks about how she wanted to be a doctor because of a tragic cam stroke she witnessed as a child. Her friends face split open onwards her eyes, and she thought, Well thats the end of him. But, one day he returned with just a simply scar on his face, and since then she wanted to be that somebody to help a child live on. But, in the middle of the play, she loses faith and finds all dreams pointless, sh e loses spot of everything that she once stood for.Asagai brings her back to reality, and helps her realize that she can pull out a difference and change the world, one person at a time. At the end of the play it now becomes clear that she wants to help kids in Africa along side of Asigai. The structure of why is changed because love gets mixed within her dreams. My last reason why I believe that Beneatha is a dynamic character is because of her in heart. George Murchison offers the best opportunities for Beneatha and her family. However, Beneatha comes to a startling discovery afterwards spending an evening with George.He says to her, I dont go out with you to discuss the nature of smooth desperation or to hear all about your thoughts because the world will go on idea what it thinks regardless (Hansberry 97). After Georges departure, Beneatha is speaking to Mama. She says, Mama, George is a fool honest (Hansberry 97). Even though George is a wealthy, good-looking man, his s hallowness becomes his bitter downfall. Beneatha realizes that she can do much better than him, and that she deserves better than him. George is completely heedless to her revelation and thinks that his opinion is neither ignorant nor cruel.The irony in Georges statement is that Beneatha can make a difference simply by voicing her opinions and letting her presence made known. Even before George made his brutal comments to Beneatha, she was rethinking her choice of companion. This is when she begins to look further into the enigma that is Asagai. Joseph Asagai, an intellectual from Nigeria. Asagai says that Beneatha seeks out those who understand her hardships, her leave out of a definite identity, and her need for an intellectual relationship. As is true with almost any young woman, what she thinks she take and what she actually needs are two strikingly different things.With two men vying for her heart, Beneatha must make a decision regarding who is best for her. She then, at the end the play, realizes this is the man the she wants and should be with. In conclusion, As Beneathas interests change, so does who she is. Her ever-changing identity helps to define her as a diverse individual. This is shown through her change in identity, career, and love. Maybe who we are as a person isnt so much about what we do, but quite an what were capable of when we least expect it. Never doubt oneself and dont worry about what others think, because sometimes change can be a good thing, and sometimes change is needed.

Absolutism and Democracy

What would happen if you got two different governments going head to head, fighting to see who is better? What if those two governments were Democracy and tyranny? In the Seventeenth and Eighteenth centuries, they were both used, and one was more impelling But which one? In this time period, Absolutism was the best form of government, because it was effective and worked for the tribe. In an Absolutism government, or a Monarchy, it was believed the top executives worked with immortal, and He bestowed them with the power to be King.In Document Two, King mob said, Kings are not only paragons lieutenants upon earth But even by God himself they are c exclusivelyed gods This is because the people believed Kings have powers similar to Gods. Kings can create and destroy Can judge, tho are not judged Give life or send death. The people honestly believed because of this, they worked together with God. Their teamwork with God is why Kings were accepted by the people, and why Absolutis m was accepted as well.Related article policy-making Parties Are Pillars of DemocracyKings used fear to gain control over the people, which is why they didnt fight against it. Machiavelli wrote in The Prince that a prince needs to be feared by the people Not loved and well liked. He would be incapable of being able to hold power over the people. If there wasnt a King, because there would be no control in the government. People would be deciding everything for themselves, and it would end in disaster.The King/ Prince kept them in line, and the people didnt revolt. The head alone has the right to deliberate and decide, and the functions of all the other members consist only in carrying out the commands given to them King Louis XIV said that the King is the only psyche able to give the right orders, and make the right decisions. Everyone else was there to follow by dint of on what he said. The interest of the state must come before the individual.The King was the only person capabl e of making sure the right decisions were made, and that the other members carried out the commands. So as you can see, Absolutism would win against Democracy in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth centuries. It was more efficient, and worked well for them. The Kings had the power, and everyone was content with how things were set up. The people felt like this was how it ought to be, and it was. That is why Absolutism is the best form of government in this time period.

Milk & Food Coloring Lab Report (Importance of Surfactant)

wideness of Surfactant Introduction Surfactant is an essential compvirtuosont for the respiratory system to function properly. Knowing the physiology of bedwetter in the alveoli is important to know when learning the structure of the air sacs and how they work. This experiment is designed to make the apprehensiveness of bed wetter in the dental film easier to learn, because its non very simple. Surfactant is a detergent-like substance produced by the Type II alveolar cells in the walls of the alveoli. Surfactant is produced to reduce the come along latent hostility of the body of water molecules that earlier compose the walls of the alveoli.For this experiment, we will be using milk and aliment people of color to represent the water (milk) and blow out ( fodder colourise) in the respiratory system, as seen in the liquidity- tout boundary of the alveolar wall (water) and its volume (gas). We will ship the milk in a shallow dish so that it completely covers the bottom o f the dish. Drops of food coloring argon going to be added into the milk at the center of the dish, and then observed. Drops of liquid dishwashing goo, representing surfactant, are then added to the center as well. Once the soap drops are added we will observe what changes happen to the food coloring and milk.Because I know milk is non-polar and food coloring is polar, my hypothesis predicts the two will non mix voluntarily at first, but the soap play playacting as a surfactant, when added, will process the two liquids mix unneurotic. Materials and Methods For this experiment, I used a 16oz milk, 4 different color food coloring bottles, liquid hand soap, and a small clear dish with approximately 5 inches in diameter. I placed the dish in a flat steady surface. I then poured the milk making sure the whole bottom of the dish is covered and still remained shallow.Next, I added about four drops of food coloring to the milk at the center of the dish. Lastly, I added about four drops of the liquid hand soap in the same exact place where I had added the food coloring. Results When the food coloring was added into the milk, there was no reaction. The food coloring did not mix into the milk, it just sat there clumped together like crude in a lava lamp. After adding the drops of liquid soap, the food coloring droplets rapidly mixed into the milk by running in every direction. It looked like an explosion of color.The color streaks continuously span slowly in the milk. Discussion As my hypothesis stated, the milk and food coloring did not mix voluntarily because of their polarity. Non-polar molecules requirement to bond with new(prenominal) non-polar molecules (London dispersion forces) and polar molecules bond with the polar molecules (Dipole-Dipole forces). Think of all the milk molecules acting as very powerful magnets between each other, and the same with the water molecules. In this case, the soap acting as the surfactant- broke the surface tension between th e two liquids allowing them to mix together.In other words, it reduced the magnetised tie between them. As we stated, the milk molecules are non-polar and the food coloring molecules are polar. Soap is one of the awesome liquids that is both polar and non-polar. Its molecules flip a polar head, which attracts other polar molecules, and a non-polar body, which attracts other non-polar molecules. When the liquid soap molecules were added to the solution, they attracted both the milk and food coloring molecules causing them to mix like they did.In the alveoli, the gas is non-polar and the water in the walls of the alveoli is polar. Surface tension in the alveoli is very high because of the liquid/gas boundary. This surface tension draws the liquid molecules closer together and reduces their contact with the gas molecules this way the alveoli do not collapse. The water in the walls of the alveoli help the alveolar walls come together during exhalation (when the oxygen leaves the alve oli), so that they stick together and allow the alveoli to reach their smallest size.The surfactant that is secreted aids the walls to be able to come together, but not with the attraction of their potential because its too strong. If they came together with their normal attraction, the walls would stick together and their strong surface tension would not allow them to unstick. A collapsed alveola will have to be completely re-inflated during each inspiration, which takes a hook of energy to do. With the surfactant, during inhalation the incoming gas is able to split the walls open because their attraction is not as strong.This way, the walls are able to come apart easier and make more space for the oxygen that fills up the alveoli. If our alveolar cells did not produce surfactant whatsoever, breathing would be very hard. Each inhalation would not have the easy flow it has now it would take a lot of energy and not to mention be tougher. Conclusion Just like the water and gas in our lungs, the milk and food coloring would not have been able to mix. Both the liquid soap and the surfactant reduce the magnetic force that unites liquid molecules- in this case allowing milk and food coloring to mix.Without this experiment, wed be overlooking one of the umteen underrated ways our bodies get away with remedies for making our daily routines easier. This experiment helps us understand the importance of surfactant in the respiratory system. Liquid molecules have a very high surface tension that is not easy to get rid of. But, as we observed, savvy Mother Nature blessed us with surfactant and soap that can easily break bonds. Literature Cited Marieb, Elaine N. , and Katja Hoehn. Human Anatomy Physiology. 9th ed. Pearson, 2012. Print.

Abraham ben Samuel Abulafia Essay

It is commonly accepted that the research of the great historian of Jewish mysticism, Abraham ben Samuel Abulafia, open the doors of the academy to Qabbalah. Far from us the intention of dulling the luster of his prodigious component part in this respect, but it is a circumstance that at the time the young Berlin student set about writing his first essays, the comminuted study of the Qabbalah had already made great strides. Moreover, its trail had been partly blazed by Jew prentices who can need to have played quite a considerable role, particularly in connection with the central conundrum of the Zohar, in forming the point of departure of the modem study of this discipline.Indeed, so distinguished by characteristic traits and original solutions is their component part that it would not be an exaggeration to speak of a Jew school of Qabbalistic studies. Is it not highly significant that the central piece of Qabbalistic literaturethe Zoharwas twice translated on Jew soil, fi rst into Latin by G. Postel in the sixteenth light speed and subsequently into Jewthe first into any modem languageby the mysterious Jean de Pauly at the beginning of this carbon?Fostered by a congenial intellectual atmosphere peculiar to the Jew, the study of Jewish esotericism got off to a precocious start in France in comparison to other European countries. The attainments of the humanists and evangelists of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries paved the way for the hush-hush philosophers and Martinists of the eighteenth century, who in turn ushered in the occultists of the nineteenth century. (Sassmitz, 1990)The present essay is an attempt to Abraham ben Samuel Abulafia who was a Jewish Sage in the years of his life, his character, and what he believed in and why he believed. permit it be made quite clear at the outset that our concern relates to the historical-critical study of the question and wherefore deals all but incidentally with what A. E. Waite calls Kabbalism .Hence the theosophers and mystagogues of all shapes, from Eliphas Levi to A. Grad, not forgetting Papus and C. Suares, will only be of subsidiary interest to our theme. Though in many respects deserving of attention, their literary activity will be taken into account only insofar as it had real repercussions on the development of the Qabbalah as an academic discipline.That the theosophists and occultists did indeed exert such an influence is undeniable, even if it is solely through the efforts deployed by the scholars to break up the veil of confusion with which the former had enshrouded the whole question.In Jews two periods can be distinguished in the development of this field on the one hand, an historical phase, preoccupied with the question of the antiquity of the Zohar, followed, on the other, by a bibliographical and doctrinal phase.The defecate of Adolphe Franck (1809-1893) marks the beginning of the first of these two periods, whereas the second was initiated, a century later, by the research of Georges Vajda (1907-1981). The latter, already under the sway of the impulse given to Qabbalistic studies by Abulafia, worked in harmony with twain the school of Jerusalem and Alexander Altmann, of Manchester and later of Brandeis University.But these two tendencies also deliver their pre-history, and it is first necessary to describe the framework within which each of these two schools evolved.At the outset of its dispersion in Europe, the Qabbalah was submitted to censure. One could almost claim that from the chronological point of view it is on Jew soil that the critical study of the Qabbalah was born. Indeed, it is in thirteenth-century Provence that the first critical appreciation of the Qabbalah was written by R. Meir ben Sim on of Narbonne (active 1250), who, in his Milhemet miswah, vituperates against the polytheistic implications of the sefirotic doctrine. (Sassmitz, 1990)But no real analytic debate got underway until the alter of Christian in terest in the Cabale in Renaissance times. Whereas the Platonists believed the secret doctrine of Israel was meant to conceal the primordial revealing common to all religions, for the Christian esotericists it prefigured the mystery of the Trinitarian doctrine, the very foundation of Christianity. In the Qabbalists they perceived the forerunners of the Christians and in Qabbalah, a secret justification of the evangelization of the Jews.In tenth-century France, the study of the Cabale occupied a place of honor amongst Christian intellectuals. mean must above all be made of the orientalist and philosopher Guillaume Postel (1510-1581), to whom we owe the first Latin translation both of the Sefer yesirah (Paris, 1552) and of the Zohar (unpublished) prior even to the appearance of their printed texts. (Sassmitz, 1990) However, the evangelizing zeal of his compatriots and their theological prejudices hampered any critical perspectives in relation to the study of the Jewish esoteric trad ition.Towards the end of the seventeenth century, opinions became increasingly diversified. The Qabbalah was thought to have in fact taught an elementary form of Spinozism and pantheism, and the Qabbalists were considered atheists unaware of their own irreligion.Of the scholars of this period, the academician Louis Jouard de la Nauze (1696-1773), defender of Newtons chronological system, stands out as an exceptional figure. Whereas his contemporaries ingeniously endeavored to demonstrate the Qabbalahs christological affinities, De la Nauze upheld in his historic article, Remarques sur lantiquite et lorigine de la Cabale, that the foundations of the Cabale were layed by the Saracens at the time the Jews lived in the Orient under their domination. The Saracens were Cabalists, and so were the Jews. (Sassmitz, 1990)At the beginning of the nineteenth century with the blossoming of the history of ideas, though the critical study of Qabbalah progressed, it nonetheless remained profoundly tainted by the spirit of the Renaissance. Depending on which scholar one was reading, the Qabbalah could become anything but Judaism. For Ferdinand Bauer it was an offshoot of Christian gnosis, while J. Kleuker assigned it a Iranian origin and Augustus Tholuck pinpointed the preponderant influence of Sufism. (Sassmitz, 1990) A new era in the study of the Jewish mystical tradition was ushered in by the critical investigation of Judaism advocated by the Jewish intellectuals of Central Europe, partisans of the Haskalah.Though in addition to a solid rabbinical and general culture, these masters were possessed of scientific methods, they often exhibited an irrepressible repugnance towards Qabbalah. With few exceptions, the great scholars, such as L. Zunz, S. D. Luzzato, A. Geiger, H. Graetz, and M. Steinschneider, considered it an alien thorn in the side of the Synagogue, incommensurable with the conceptions of the progressive rationalism they were striving to attribute to the genius of Israel. In the era of Aufklarung and the struggle for Jewish emancipation, it was adjuratory to represent the Synagogue as the standard-bearer of regeneracy and rationality in order to be accepted into modern-day society.The parsimony of references to Qabbalah in Julius Gutmanns Philosophie des Judentums, published in 1933, still reflects this contempt. For similar reasons, the contribution of German scholarship to this field, despite its abundance, was relatively thin and narrow in substance and incapable of casting off the tethers of tendentiousness. These scholars were principally concerned with minimalizing the importance of Qabbalistic influence on Jewish culture and with demonstrating the late part of the Zohar in order to loosen the grip of its authority and domination, upheld in Europe by the hasidic camp, considered retrograde.The scientific paradigms elaborated by the Wissenschaft des Judentums served as an epistemological framework upon which the Jew science dejudais me was to build. The first major Jew work specifically devoted to a detailed study of the Qabbalah, though not a direct consequence of the Wissenschaft, nonetheless partook of this current of investigation. La Kabbale ou la philosophie religieuse des hebreux, by Adolphe Franck, published in Paris in 1843, is a milestone in the annals of Qabbalistic research.Assuredly, it contributed more to the modern study of Qabbalah than any other single work prior to the labors of Abulafia. In addition to the fact of its having been based on philological, historical, and conceptual criteria, the originality of this bulk resided in the obvious empathy that the author displayed for his subject. Indeed, in contrast to many maskilim, Franck considered the Qabbalah to be an authentic Jewish phenomenon of major spiritual importance hence he affirms It is impossible to consider the Kabbalah as an dislocated fact, as an accident in Judaism on the contrary it is its very life and heart.